As the world marks International Epilepsy Day on Monday, the World Health Organization (WHO) underscores epilepsy as one of the most prevalent neurological disorders globally, affecting approximately 50 million people. This chronic, non-communicable brain disorder is characterized by recurrent seizures—brief episodes of involuntary movement that may involve part or all of the body, sometimes accompanied by loss of consciousness or control of bodily functions.
Epilepsy poses a significant public health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where the incidence can reach 139 cases per 100,000 people annually. This disparity is attributed to factors such as higher rates of endemic diseases like malaria and neurocysticercosis, road traffic injuries, birth-related complications, and limited access to preventive health programs and medical care. Alarmingly, nearly 80% of people with epilepsy reside in LMICs, highlighting the urgent need for improved healthcare infrastructure and resources.
The Physical and Psychological Toll of Epilepsy
Health experts emphasize that epilepsy extends beyond seizures, often leading to physical injuries such as fractures and bruises, as well as psychological conditions like anxiety and depression.
The risk of premature death among people with epilepsy is up to three times higher than the general population, with the highest mortality rates observed in LMICs and rural areas. Many of these deaths, however, are preventable, stemming from causes such as falls, drowning, burns, and prolonged seizures.
Causes and Prevention
While epilepsy is not contagious, its causes are diverse and complex. Approximately 50% of cases globally have no identifiable cause. Known causes are categorized as structural, genetic, infectious, metabolic, immune, or unknown. These include brain damage from prenatal or perinatal complications, congenital abnormalities, severe head injuries, strokes, brain infections like meningitis or encephalitis, genetic syndromes, and brain tumors.
The WHO estimates that 25% of epilepsy cases could be prevented through targeted measures. Key strategies include:
- Preventing head injuries by reducing falls, traffic accidents, and sports injuries.
- Improving perinatal care to minimize birth-related brain damage.
- Managing fevers in children to reduce febrile seizures.
- Addressing cardiovascular risk factors like hypertension, diabetes, and obesity to prevent stroke-related epilepsy.
- Combating central nervous system infections in tropical regions through parasite elimination and public education.
Stigma and Discrimination: A Barrier to Care
Beyond the physical and medical challenges, the stigma surrounding epilepsy remains a significant obstacle. Misconceptions that epilepsy is incurable, contagious, or a result of immoral behavior perpetuate discrimination and isolation, discouraging individuals from seeking treatment. The WHO stresses that overcoming these societal barriers is crucial to improving the quality of life for people with epilepsy and their families.
A Call to Action
On International Epilepsy Day, the WHO calls for global efforts to enhance awareness, reduce stigma, and improve access to care. By addressing preventable causes, strengthening healthcare systems, and fostering inclusive communities, the world can make significant strides in supporting the millions living with epilepsy.
As health experts reiterate, epilepsy is not just a medical condition—it is a call for compassion, understanding, and action to ensure that no one is left behind in the fight against this pervasive neurological disorder.
